October 2007
Air cleaners: The truth behind the accolades
In years past, ads for air purifiers from Sharper Image and Oreck included a Seal of Truth from the Asthma and Allergy Foundation
of America (AAFA), a Washington, D.C.-based group. Sharper Image ads also displayed a Seal of Approval from Allergy UK, and
referred to university studies claimed to support Sharper Image's air-cleaner claims.
As we found, some university studies were funded by the manufacturer. We also found that another seal on some air purifiers addresses the volume of clean air those machines deliver, though it doesn't tell the whole story.
NO ENDORSEMENT
The AAFA says its Seal of Truth isn't an endorsement, but its laudatory tone suggests otherwise.
What the seals don't tell you. The AAFA's Seal of Truth program is open to manufacturers who submit a $5,000 application fee. According to the AAFA, companies
are asked to submit "independent" research for review by a panel of experts, who determine whether a product's performance
meets its claims. If the panel says it does, manufacturers can apply the seal to that product for two years. Fewer than 12
allergy-related products, including vacuums and cleaning products, have the seal; Sharper Image's Ionic Breeze and Oreck's
XL are the only air purifiers with it.
The AAFA states on its Web site that its expert panel includes M.D.s, Ph.D.s, and Masters of Public Health. Michael Tringale, an AAFA spokesman, would not identify its experts, citing confidentiality concerns. Nor would Tringale or Sharper Image show us research submitted as part of the seal program. But the AAFA's literature discloses two points that the air-cleaner ads don't mention.
One is that its seal is not an endorsement or statement of clinical efficacy. Yet the words on the seal for Sharper Image's Ionic Breeze, above, imply otherwise.
The other is that its program isn't a comparison but, rather, "helps consumers distinguish truthful product claims relating to asthma and allergies, regardless of how products compare to each other." In an interview, Tringale said that AAFA panel members saw a Consumer Reports air-cleaners report that found the Ionic Breeze ineffective, but granted the seal anyway. "Because we aren't rating in comparison," Tringale said, "we asked, does the research stand up? And indeed it did." But when Sharper Image submitted studies to Consumers Union, the nonprofit publisher of Consumer Reports, they didn't stand up.
Allergy UK's Seal of Approval program is somewhat like the AAFA's, though it says its seal is an endorsement. A manufacturer submits a fee for new testing by an "independent scientific consultant" at the University College Worcester or a review of its own independent tests. According to the British group, a 39-member panel of experts sets specific protocols for each product.
Allergy UK would not disclose detailed information about its review protocol. What's more, the foundation states on its Web site that its endorsement does not mean that a product will necessarily reduce an allergy sufferer's symptoms.
Endorsement programs between business and nonprofit groups raise ethical concerns. A 1994 study commissioned by the American Cancer Society concluded that the use of its logo is seen as endorsement. In 1997 the American Medical Association withdrew from an agreement allowing its logo to be used on Sunbeam blood-pressure monitors and other devices amid conflict-of-interest concerns. That withdrawal resulted in a nearly $10 million breach-of-contract settlement with Sunbeam.
By 1999 such programs led 16 state attorneys general to issue a report warning that their implied product endorsements could "mislead, deceive or confuse the public." Such programs remain numerous. But some organizations acknowledge concerns. The American Lung Association says its national board comprises physicians and others who agree to its conflict-of-interest policy, which excludes directors from companies with which it has partnerships. At the time this report was written, the AAFA's Web site showed that its board included representatives of pharmaceutical, medical-device, and air-filter manufacturers.
What the studies don't say. Studies touted in Sharper Image ads came under scrutiny last year in the company's lawsuit against Consumers Union. Court testimony and documents revealed information absent from the ads. For one, documents showed that a researcher had been receiving a $6,000 monthly retainer from Sharper Image for research used by the company to support the sale of its Ionic Breeze. The company also provided research grants to a university professor and author of two reports about the Ionic Breeze prepared at Sharper Image's request, and compensated others whose research was cited.
One study was deemed irrelevant by Consumers Union because the Ionic Breeze was used as a particle collector, not as an air-cleaning
device. To put that difference into perspective, you can collect the dust particles that settle out of the air and onto a
tabletop in a room, but that doesn't make the table an air purifier.
In November 2004 federal Judge Maxine Chesney dismissed Sharper Image's suit, holding that there was no reasonable probability that Consumers Union's findings were false and that Sharper Image's studies provided no basis for challenging those findings.
What's in the numbers. Many models, including the Friedrich and Whirlpool, have clean-air delivery-rate (CADR) certifications. Seals are issued by the Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM). A manufacturer must submit its line to independent lab tests or have its results verified by an AHAM-designated lab. The seal lists CADR results and the room size that a model can effectively clean. It also notes that a higher CADR is better. While the numbers are a good guide to an air purifier's effectiveness, you must check one of AHAM's Web sites (www.cadr.org) to compare models.
What's a good rating? You'll see numbers from 10 to 450. Generally, we judge CADR values above 350 excellent and those below 75 poor. Air purifiers with a CADR of 10 or less are barely distinguishable from gravity at removing airborne particles.
As we found, some university studies were funded by the manufacturer. We also found that another seal on some air purifiers addresses the volume of clean air those machines deliver, though it doesn't tell the whole story.
The AAFA says its Seal of Truth isn't an endorsement, but its laudatory tone suggests otherwise.
The AAFA states on its Web site that its expert panel includes M.D.s, Ph.D.s, and Masters of Public Health. Michael Tringale, an AAFA spokesman, would not identify its experts, citing confidentiality concerns. Nor would Tringale or Sharper Image show us research submitted as part of the seal program. But the AAFA's literature discloses two points that the air-cleaner ads don't mention.
One is that its seal is not an endorsement or statement of clinical efficacy. Yet the words on the seal for Sharper Image's Ionic Breeze, above, imply otherwise.
The other is that its program isn't a comparison but, rather, "helps consumers distinguish truthful product claims relating to asthma and allergies, regardless of how products compare to each other." In an interview, Tringale said that AAFA panel members saw a Consumer Reports air-cleaners report that found the Ionic Breeze ineffective, but granted the seal anyway. "Because we aren't rating in comparison," Tringale said, "we asked, does the research stand up? And indeed it did." But when Sharper Image submitted studies to Consumers Union, the nonprofit publisher of Consumer Reports, they didn't stand up.
Allergy UK's Seal of Approval program is somewhat like the AAFA's, though it says its seal is an endorsement. A manufacturer submits a fee for new testing by an "independent scientific consultant" at the University College Worcester or a review of its own independent tests. According to the British group, a 39-member panel of experts sets specific protocols for each product.
Allergy UK would not disclose detailed information about its review protocol. What's more, the foundation states on its Web site that its endorsement does not mean that a product will necessarily reduce an allergy sufferer's symptoms.
Endorsement programs between business and nonprofit groups raise ethical concerns. A 1994 study commissioned by the American Cancer Society concluded that the use of its logo is seen as endorsement. In 1997 the American Medical Association withdrew from an agreement allowing its logo to be used on Sunbeam blood-pressure monitors and other devices amid conflict-of-interest concerns. That withdrawal resulted in a nearly $10 million breach-of-contract settlement with Sunbeam.
By 1999 such programs led 16 state attorneys general to issue a report warning that their implied product endorsements could "mislead, deceive or confuse the public." Such programs remain numerous. But some organizations acknowledge concerns. The American Lung Association says its national board comprises physicians and others who agree to its conflict-of-interest policy, which excludes directors from companies with which it has partnerships. At the time this report was written, the AAFA's Web site showed that its board included representatives of pharmaceutical, medical-device, and air-filter manufacturers.
What the studies don't say. Studies touted in Sharper Image ads came under scrutiny last year in the company's lawsuit against Consumers Union. Court testimony and documents revealed information absent from the ads. For one, documents showed that a researcher had been receiving a $6,000 monthly retainer from Sharper Image for research used by the company to support the sale of its Ionic Breeze. The company also provided research grants to a university professor and author of two reports about the Ionic Breeze prepared at Sharper Image's request, and compensated others whose research was cited.
PRODUCT PLUG
Allergy UK makes no bones about calling its seal an endorsement.
Allergy UK makes no bones about calling its seal an endorsement.
In November 2004 federal Judge Maxine Chesney dismissed Sharper Image's suit, holding that there was no reasonable probability that Consumers Union's findings were false and that Sharper Image's studies provided no basis for challenging those findings.
What's in the numbers. Many models, including the Friedrich and Whirlpool, have clean-air delivery-rate (CADR) certifications. Seals are issued by the Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM). A manufacturer must submit its line to independent lab tests or have its results verified by an AHAM-designated lab. The seal lists CADR results and the room size that a model can effectively clean. It also notes that a higher CADR is better. While the numbers are a good guide to an air purifier's effectiveness, you must check one of AHAM's Web sites (www.cadr.org) to compare models.
What's a good rating? You'll see numbers from 10 to 450. Generally, we judge CADR values above 350 excellent and those below 75 poor. Air purifiers with a CADR of 10 or less are barely distinguishable from gravity at removing airborne particles.
