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3 most common types of lower-back pain

Last reviewed: April 2009

About one in four adults in the U.S. has had lower-back pain lasting an entire day in the last three months, which may explain why it has been rated the fifth most common reason people go to a doctor. Most often, no related structural cause of lower-back pain is identified.

Not all lower-back pain is alike, but it can be classified into subtypes in order to help doctors reach a diagnosis and determine treatment. In our survey of more than 14,000 people with such pain, we focused on the three most common types, excluding a small group who said the cause of lower-back pain was associated with vertebral infection, fracture, or cancer.

Lower-back pain symptoms 

 
 
 
 
About half of our survey respondents fell into the "nonspecific" category—meaning that the exact cause of lower-back pain was often difficult to determine from a physical exam or even diagnostic testing. However, it's most commonly due to muscle strain, muscle spasm, or ligament sprain, and may also arise from osteoarthritis or from a contained (nonslipped) disk that presses on a nerve. In our survey, almost half of the people with this type of pain said they had never consulted a professional about the problem.

You may fit this group if:
  • Your pain is confined to the back and does not radiate down the leg.
  • You don't have leg numbness or weakness.
  • Your pain tends to feel worse if you bend or straighten the back.

Symptom chart

Description Includes muscle strain, muscle spasm, ligament sprain, osteoarthritis, joint irritation, contained (non-herniated) disk lesions, degenerative changes
Hallmark Usually limited to the lower back
Sensory/motor symptoms Absence of numbness, tingling, weakness, or leg pain
Character of pain Primarily in the back, with no signs of a serious underlying condition
Pain worsens With twisting, stretching, lying down, or forward or backward bending
Pain relieved By lying in fetal position
Age Can occur at any age, but generally in younger, more physically active people
First-person story: Nonspecific lower-back pain
"I'm embarrassed to admit I was crawling around on the floor in an awkward position doing some carpentry when my pain started," says Albert Doughty, 65, a retiree from Middlebury, Ind., who responded to our survey. Doughty first experienced low-back pain several years ago and says it comes back to haunt him about once a year. He says his pain is usually limited to his lower back and feels like a muscle strain. When it acts up he takes an over-the-counter pain medicine and avoids excessive activity. Doughty says he has never seen a professional because the pain goes away fairly quickly. He has managed over the years, he says, because he's generally more conscious of what he's doing; he can tell when his back is being strained.
 
 
 
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