Condition information and treatment Ratings in ConsumerReportsHealth.org are based on evidence published in Clinical Evidence, a reference database used by doctors and other health-care professionals worldwide. The experts who create Clinical Evidence examine all available studies and evaluate the quality of research. They determine how well treatments work and the seriousness and frequency of any side effects. Clinical Evidence provides up-to-date summaries of what is and isn’t known about treating a wide range of clinical conditions. The print edition is read by about 600,000 health workers.

Clinical Evidence is published by BMJ Publishing Group, best known for its weekly British Medical Journal (BMJ). For more than 150 years, BMJ has been an influential publication for doctors around the world. Recently, BMJ Publishing Group created a product called BestTreatments, which organizes and translates the findings of Clinical Evidence for a consumer audience.

BMJ Publishing Group’s clinical analysts have customized Treatment Ratings exclusively for ConsumerReportsHealth.org subscribers.

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The information in our Drug Reviews comes from our partner, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), a 30,000-member national professional association comprised of pharmacists who work with doctors and other health professionals in hospitals, ambulatory care clinics, and long-term care and home care facilities. ASHP's mission is to support pharmacists’ efforts to help people use medications safely and effectively.

ASHP publishes American Hospital Formulary Service (AHFS). AHFS is a professional drug information source widely trusted for its established record in refuting unfounded efficacy claims, its rigorous science-based editorial process and its independence from the influence of pharmaceutical manufacturers.

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. represents that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. makes no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information, and specifically disclaims all such warranties and representations. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. does not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.

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Naturals Medicines Comprehensive Database (NMCD) was created by Therapeutic Research Center to objectively answer inquiries from medical professionals about natural medicines. Launched in 1999, the Professional Version was the first reliable, comprehensive, and up-to-date, evidence-based reference for physicians, pharmacists and other professionals seeking information about natural medicines.

Based on the Professional Version, the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version was created to give consumers all the same scientific reliability in a format that is easier to read and understand.

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database is now recognized as the scientific gold standard for evidence-based information on natural medicines. Leaders in conventional medicine as well as complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine recognize the Database as the most comprehensive and clinically relevant on this subject.

The Database is updated daily with new findings including new interactions and safety concerns.

Visit the Natural Medicine Comprehensive Database Web site